Icecore and other related dating schemes: Part VII Greenland icecores less than 6000 years old, with or without Velikovsky and/or catastrophism: Another aspect of this evidence that must be pointed out: Ice does not melt from below unless volcanism is heating the rock in contact with the ice at the bottom of a glacier. Ice melts from the top or sides, downward and inward. There can be no doubt that much or all of the Greenland and Antarctica icecaps melted during this 3,000-to-5,000-year warm period. Of greatest significance is that the icecaps melted from the top downward. This simply means that the icecap melted and flowed away as water and that, during this entire period, no ice layers could have ever formed. Since more ice was being lost than was forming during this timeframe, no ice layers from before 8,000 to 3,000 years ago could have remained even if Velikovsky's theory is completely disregarded. The layers of ice that Ellenberger and Mewhinney are presenting as evidence against Velikovsky, based on their own gradualistic processes, could never have existed, yet this has not stopped them from arguing that the layers are there. Ellenberger and Mewhinney have dismissed this fundamental melting evidence! In addition, since the hipsithermal melted many icecaps from top to bottom, then the ice core record would have a gigantic hiatus between the formation of more modern ice and ancient ice. While turning their assumptions to fact, ignoring this required hiatus, the ice core advocates claim that there is a full record of year-by-year ice layers going back to the ancient past. This is neither reasonable nor possible. The immense melting of the icecaps during the hipsithermal would have melted away untold thousands of years of ice, if not all of it. The hipsithermal lasted about 5,500 years. If we employ a very conservative 1.5 meter loss of ice per year, we get 7,500 meters of ice lost in 5,000 years, or over 24,500 feet of ice lost. If we assume that the ablation of the icecap lasted for only 4,000 years, we still lose 6,000 meters or over 19,500 feet of ice. For 3,000 years, we lose 4,500 meters, almost 15,000 feet of ice. The 4 to 5 F rise clearly melted the ice even more than these figures suggest. Since the Greenland glacier presently averages a depth of about 5,000 feet, with a few high points at 10,000 feet, at one-third of our melting figures, the present icecap would either melt away completely or almost completely. We would get the same results with 0.5 meters per year of melt.74 What stopped this higher temperature from melting away nearly the entire icecap? Why did such a long period of greater heat not melt away several thousands of feet of ice?