From: ianTresman@easynet.co.uk (Ian Tresman)
Newsgroups: talk.origins
Subject: Re: a test for Ted's big dino theory
Date: Sat, 17 Jun 1995 10:14:49 GMT
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>Most interestingly, is this treatment a descendant/derivative of Ted's
>articles or his presentation?  And do they do any original computation,
>or do they just cite scholarly footnotes somewhat out of context?
>Hmmmm.  I wonder at the chances of the local university libraries having it?

Here's a copy of the article, written independently of Ted Holden's
work. There is no original computation, only original thought :-)
Ian Tresman, London UK. (Harold is my father)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Geological Genesis, (C)1993 Harold Tresman
Chronology & Catastrophism Workshop (ISSN: 0951-5985)
August 1993 Number1

Foreword
This article was first drafted in 1978, shortly after the publication
of 'The Primordial Light' (SIS Review, Vol 2 1977). It is not
surprising that now, as then, supportive or complimentary 'scientific'
evidence is, to say the least, sparse. Accordingly, a lateral approach
to circumstancial evidence has been the main tool in assembling the
data for these proposals. There have been many oblique references from
the scientific world that all is not well with their conventional
approach, invariably combined with those observations that unsettled
them. Some of these we have used. Other catastrophist researchers have
made important connections in their publications ( indeed The SIS
itself is the most valuable source) and where appropriate we have
adopted their ideas. As far as is possible an attribution has been
made. However, the writer apologises for any oversight in
acknowledging the ideas without reference.

Introduction: The Review Article "The Primordial Light" (SISR VII
No.2) investigated the mythology surrounding the planet Saturn. It was
proposed that such mythology indicates that Earth was once a satellite
of what is now known as Saturn. A catastrophic disruption of this
Saturnian system led to radical changes in the conditions on Earth. We
intend to investigate whether our present knowledge can uphold our
support for such a view of Earth History.

Part 1 - The Golden Mesozoic Age

Thesis: We propose that Earth was a satellite of Saturn, or more
correctly a body which the ancients identified as Ouranus and which we
shall refer to as proto-Saturn. The present day Saturn is all that
remains of the once larger primary which we orbited as the closest and
innermost satellite [1]. As such, in the same way as our moon is now
in a synchronous rotation and always presents the same face to the
Earth[2], Earth as a satellite of proto-Saturn would also have been in
synchronous rotation. Just as measurements have shown that the moon is
slightly egg-shaped with the small end towards the Earth[3], the Earth
in rotation around proto-Saturn would also have been slightly
pear-shaped with the crustal land mass concentrated in a bulge turned
towards its primary.  At the centre of Pangaea where Earth was closest
to proto-Saturn, there was the mythological World Mountain[4], a place
of continuous electrical discharge and activity[5]. The continents
would have formed the one land mass, surrounded on all sides by one
large shallow sea. Observations have shown that most of the Saturnian
moons at present also show synchronous rotation which means that the
same face of the satellite is always presented to the planet[6].

It is also proposed that proto-Saturn gave out its own light and heat.
At present it radiates two to three times the energy it receives from
the Sun[7] and its internal temperature is estimated to be in the
region of 20,000K[8]. The structure of both the giant planets, with
their preponderance of hydrogen and helium, is regarded as more like
the Sun than the inner planets such as the Earth[9].  If what we see
today is the remnant of its former condition it must have radiated
enough energy to sustain life on Earth. As the land mass and the
shallow seas around it would be permanently turned towards the
primary, there would be no diurnal variation in light and heat, nor
seasonal changes.

As space exploration continues it becomes more and more obvious that
electro-magnetism cannot be ignored. Planets have a magnet field and a
magnetosphere extending millions of miles into space. Interactions
take place between these and the solar winds. In the case of the Earth
at present, due to rotation, such interactions take the form of a
dynamo effect which powers an electrical discharge process around the
Earth, as evidenced by the Aurora[10]. Only a small variation in
cosmic flux or sunspot activity leads to a large disturbance in the
lower atmosphere via such electric fields[11].  Around Saturn,
hydrogen extending outside the ring system glows faintly as it is
excited by electromagnet radiation from the Sun. The rings themselves
lie in an area of low density plasma and are now thought to be
influenced by electromagnetic forces. Ideas of their complexities
being controlled by the gravity of shepherding moons failed to produce
any moons in evidence[12]. Voyager results show that lightning
discharges across the rings are of an order of millions of volts,
100,000 times the power of terrestrial lightning[13]. Earth, within
such a sphere of influence, would have been highly charged
electrically and, due to the polarisation induced between two charged
bodies, the charge would be largely concentrated on the surface of the
bulging land mass upon which life was centred. A description of the
effects and manifestations is described by Ziegler[14]. Writers such
as Immanuel Velikovsky[15], Hugh Auchincloss Brown[16], C.E.R.
Bruce[17][18], and Ralph Juergens[19] have all ventured to suggest
that the cosmos is electromagnetically ordered, not gravitationally,
and that gravity is, in effect, only a function of electrical charges.
We postulate that as a result, the effect of 'gravity' would have been
considerably reduced on the Earth's charged land mass bulge.

Evidence: Palaeomagnetic, fossil and geological evidence all point to
there having been one supercontinent, namely Pangaea, for most of this
period. The land was relatively low lying, with perhaps only ancient
Caledonian, Appalachian and the Ural mountains in the form of
prominences[20].  The individual oceans did not exist but one large
ocean surrounded the one continental mass[21]. Marine deposits during
this era indicate large areas of inland freshwater shallow seas. The
disposition of land and sea during this era is, therefore, precisely
what we have postulated it would be, had Earth been in orbit around
proto-Saturn. We pause to wonder how Pangaea, a single land-mass,
could have been formed if the Earth had been rotating: this must have
been inherently unstable[22].

Glaciations leave characteristic signs upon the landscape and these
have been observed on rocks from the earlier Palaeozoic period and in
abundance during the later Pleistocene but there are no signs of any
glaciation during the Mesozoic itself[23]. Descriptions of climate
during the various periods of the Mesozoic range from mild to
subtropical with an equable, stable weather system. Warm seas are
indicated by a wide distribution of reef-forming corals, which will
only grow in such profusion today in areas of warm, shallow seas. The
land flora consisted of the lower plants, tree-ferns and conifers. The
bulk of the survivors of this type of vegetation are today confined to
the tropics and subtropics[24]. Some primitive trees do show growth
rings and Mesozoic belemnites show indication of seasonal change,
changes however which are very slight compared to today[25]. The flora
and fauna across Pangaea were also very similar, indicating that
conditions were the same all over the area. All the Palaeotological
evidence shows, therefore, that conditions on Earth during the
Mesozoic period are difficult to explain in terms of Earth's present
orbit, but do fit the scenarios we have postulated.

The most obvious characteristic of Mesozoic flora and fauna was the
upper limit of size. Pangaea's forests contained giant lycopods,
horsetails and pteridophytes, trees over 100m in height. Today the
survivors of these primitive groups are mostly small plants; the
tallest fern is only 20m high, and height is only achieved by the
conifers and flowering plant trees with specially strengthened trunks
and good root systems[26]. The dinosaurs produced the largest
terrestrial animals the world has ever known. Some weighed more than
80 tonnes, as much as 20 large elephants, but old views that they were
slow, clumsy animals have been superseded by evidence that they were
fast, active and probably warm-blooded[27],[28]. The weight which a
column can support varies as the cube of its linear dimensions[29] and
therefore the heavier the animal, the proportionally shorter and
thicker the limb bones. The dimensions of an elephant's limb bones are
approaching the maximum limits of size which physical forces permit
and are already tending towards disproportionate thickness[30]. Yet
dinosaurs were of such a degree of magnitude heavier, that the larger
herbivorous sauropods were traditionally thought of as wallowing
permanently in swamps to take the weight off their feet[31][32].
However, there is evidence that they were completely terrestrial[33]
and the large, bipedal carnosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus, were
manifestly built for running with hind limbs more slender in
proportion to their bulk than those of an elephant. If gravity were
less, then animals could be larger and still be active with relatively
more slender limbs than an elephant[34]. The Pterosaurs, or flying
reptiles, are another case in point. Fossil specimens with wing spans
up to 8m were once regarded to be at the limit of size for any
airborne creature, even given that their bone structure was even
lighter and stronger size for size than modern birds. Then
Quetzalcoatlus specimens were found with wing spans up to 15.5m and
pronounced at beyond the engineering limits for a living flying
machine[35]. Recent considerations of the circulatory systems of the
larger dinosaurs suggest that the normal heart/lung construction would
be insufficient to keep the brain supplied with oxygenated blood[36].
The problem of explaining away the apparent defiance of physical laws
by so many of the Mesozoic plants and animals is solved easily by an
assumption of lowered gravity. Is it just coincidence that such forms
of life should be abundant at the very period when all the continental
areas were grouped into one land mass ?


Part 2 - The Cretaceous Catastrophe

Proposal

It is proposed that the stable, warm and reduced gravitational
conditions of the proto-Saturnian/Mesozoic era were all suddenly
altered when proto-Saturn underwent a disruption, precipitating Earth
into its present orbit. Any form of disruption would produce chemical
fall-out and high-energy radiation from the primary, as is seen today
by the large flux of x-rays produced in the early stages of a
supernova outburst, or that detected on Earth after solar outbursts,
and this would have immediate and catastrophic effects, and have
drastic effects upon climatic conditions[37].

Once freed from its synchronous rotation around proto-Saturn the
polarisation of electrical charge would be instantly lost, resulting
in a sudden increase in gravitation over the land mass. This would
mean that none of the life forms over a certain size could survive,
and there would be preferential survival of smaller forms.

The effects of proto-Saturn having been lost, the Earth's rotation
would bring its own forces to bear upon the crust with the result that
the one-side bulge would disappear and an equatorial bulge develop
instead.  The land mass upon the bulge would therefore be shattered as
the radius of curvature of its underlying mantle increased, causing
rifting and thinning. Massive flows of molten magma would ensue,
together with volcanoes and earthquakes. The shattered plates of what
once was Pangaea would be redistributed under the new rotational
forces, to form separated continents. Where crustal plates or sections
of continental mass were forced together, compression and uplift would
result in the rapid formation of high mountain chains; where there was
rifting between plates, trenches would be formed, for example, the
Mariana Trench[38].

In orbit around the Sun and with a tilt and rotation around its own
axis. the Earth would now be subject to diurnal and seasonal
fluctuations in light and heat, leading to the development of complex
climatic variations and the development of polar ice-caps, and an
overall decrease in the mean global temperature. The remnants of
surviving flora and fauna, possibly already undergoing massive
mutation due to radiation effects, would explosively adapt to a whole
range of entire new conditions.


Observations

The geological boundary between the Cretaceous and the Tertiary
periods marks a radical change in conditions on Earth. Massive
extinctions of life took place, including entire major groups and an
estimated 70% of species total[39]. The boundary is marked physically
by a world-wide thin layer of clay which chemical analysis has shown
to be considerably enriched in several elements, notably iridium, over
and above the levels normally found on Earth. The obvious explanation
for the presence of the elements is that they were derived from an
extra-terrestrial source[40].

The upheaval of the catastrophe caused widespread elimination of many
species and the  decimation of many lifeforms. The apparent increase
in 'gravity' had a disasterous effect on the larger lifeforms, causing
the extinction of  many surviving species. On land, giant trees, and
few animals weighing more than about 2,500 kilograms survived[41]. The
huge flying reptiles disappeared along with the early, apparently
"flightless" birds. (The earlier Archaeopteryx shows adaptations to
flight, despite the lack of a large bony keel to the breast bone for
flight muscle attachment[42]. The keel is a notable development in
flying birds after the Mesozoic period and is a feature which
increased gravity would render necessary.)

The general picture of the breakup of Pangaea is indeed one of initial
shattering in all directions, followed by a prevalent longitudinal
rifting and separation of blocks outwards along the Earth's rotational
plane. Wherever continental crustal sections were separated there was
a thinning and rifting of the underlying crust with outpourings of
molten mantle material. After separation from proto-Saturn, rotation
followed about a new pole, the World Mountain being located in the new
equatorial region. As northern Laurasia separated from southern
Gondwanaland and a huge rift opened up, splitting northwards and then
southwards, to form the Atlantic basin which eventually separated the
Americas from the rest of the land masses. Where the western edges of
the Americas were being thrust against the Pacific crust, massive
crumpling of the continental crustal edges produced the Rockies and
the Andes. Another rift opened up the Indian Ocean with Greater India
moving north and eventually impinging on Laurasia and throwing up the
Tibetan plateau. An Australian Antarctic block moved southwards. Later
a new rift developed, separating Australia from Antarctica and,
splitting northwards separated Arabia from Africa and formed the East
African Rift. The later movements of Greater India and Africa
thrusting against Laurasia, crumpled the trapped continental crust
between them and formed the great Alpine chain of mountains from the
Atlas, through the Alps, Carpathians and Turkey across the
Himalayas[43]. Associated with the rifted continental margins are huge
basaltic outpourings such as the Ethiopian highlands, the Deccan
plateau in western India and the Columbia River in the Western USA.
These basaltic layers are 10-30m thick and up to a million cubic
kilometres in volume[44]. During the later movements there were
extensive outpourings  in Greenland, Scotland, South America, and
Greater India[45].

In the accepted time scale all these movements took place over
millions of years and were initiated at various times during the
Mesozoic. Moreover, some geologists consider that if the crust lies
over a plastic mantle, certain irregularities of the surface should
have settled out more quickly than they appear to have done[46]. This
would indicate a shorter time scale than normally accepted, the major
parts of the separation taking place in hours rather than millions of
years; current plate movement is the settlement of this earlier rapid
process as it approaches continental stability. As to the sequence of
rifting events, some fossil evidence poses problems for the accepted
timing.  Two species of large sauropod dinosaur found in both North
America and Africa indicate that the two continents were still
connected in the late Jurassic, and three more species of dinosaur
from the late Cretaceous appear to connect South America, Africa,
Europe and India[47]. This belies certain scenarios which have these
continental separations occurring before the end of the Mesozoic.

Earth's new rotation changed its shape from pear-shaped, centred on
the World Mountain, to oblate speroid bulging around the new equator.
One uniformitarian premise questioned by a few is the constancy of the
Earth's dimensions. Hugh Owen of the Natural History Museum, after
work trying to "reassemble" Pangaea from the new scattered land
masses, has come to the conclusion that an expanding Earth is
indicated[48]. The present continental margins only fit together on an
Earth of present diameter with the assumption of several gaps for
which there is no geological evidence. There is also fossil evidence
to back up the theory of an expanding Earth. One of the unexplained
gaps is the assumption of a huge Tethys sea dividing the Eastern side
of Pangaea into widely separated African and Laurasian margins. Yet in
the early Mesozoic the land-dwelling dicynodent reptiles are found
with little variations in both Laurasia and Gondwanaland, indicating
no impassable barrier which a wide sea would form[49]. Just after the
Mesozoic one group of crocodile fossils is found in South America,
North Africa and Europe but not North America, which indicates that
they migrated from South America via Africa and North America. Yet if
the Tethys Sea were as wide as an Earth of constant dimensions would
indicate it would have formed a barrier across to Europe[50]. There
appears too much evidence that the radius of curvature under the
Pangaean land mass at least, did increase around the time of the break
up of Pangaea, and such an increase would itself provide the initial
force for rifting. The subsidence of a land bulge would also lower the
land relative to the sea and there is fossil evidence of wide
incursions of the sea on to the land soon after Pangaea broke
apart[51]. A change of planetary proportions from the pre-separation
pear shape, to the now rotational oblate spheroid, is in keeping with
observations above.

After the break up of Pangaea and the mass extinctions which marked
the end of the Mesozoic, the world became a very different place. The
early part of the succeeding Tertiary period showed considerable
tectonic activity due to the settling of the rifted land masses which
are still observed today. With the opening of the Atlantic, Indian and
Pacific gaps, the newly created deeper ocean waters began to cool,
though these oceans were not as deep and did not cover as much area as
we see today. By the middle of the Tertiary the youngest mountain
ranges were being thrust up where rifted continental masses had
collided.

The predominance of the lower plants was over, the survivors which
still relied on constant warmth and moisture being confined to what is
now the tropics and the conifers being represented mostly by the pines
which are adapted to colder conditions.  The flowering plants had
exploded into a vast variety of new types adapted to a myriad of
harsher ecological niches from tundra to desert, mountain top to
plain, and a significant new group, the grasses, became widespread.
Their type and distribution shows that the climate had become seasonal
- trees showed prominent growth rings, many species became deciduous -
with a marked zonation from tropical to temperate at higher latitudes.
By the late Tertiary ice-caps were developing at the poles and by the
Pleistocene the world was undergoing ice-ages[52],[53].

The world's fauna had also undergone a radical change. Smaller
reptiles survived and today largely inhabit the warmer areas.
Surviving birds and mammals expanded into a vast range of new types,
adapted for browsing or grazing upon the new types of plants, or
preying upon each other. The dinosaurs had completely disappeared
leaving the old ecological niches empty, but if the new conditions
developed as slowly as convection-powered continental drift theories
would suggests then the new types of animal should have developed
differently on the different continental blocks. Yet the fossil record
shows that the faunas of all the land masses were extremely similar,
although already diverse, immediately after the extinction of the
previous fauna[54]. There appears to be a case to answer in the idea
that whatever caused the extinctions was also responsible for massive
mutations among the survivors. Only later, with the final stages of
separation of the rifted continents, did the faunas adapt to meet the
altered conditions and become distinct in the different areas.


Summary
During the Mesozoic, proto-Saturn (Ouranos) orbited the Sun in what is
now the asteroid belt. It was probably the only body orbiting the Sun,
its immense size locking it into a binary system which astronomer's
believe to be the more usual solar system formation. Earth and other
satellites orbited proto-Saturn which dominated the skies, almost to
the complete exclusion of the Sun and other celestial bodies; in
comparison, the Sun was an insignificant body, proto-Saturn being the
main source of heat and light. 

The Earth was dominated by the large single super-continent Pangaea,
with the World Mountain at its epicentre, and surrounded by a
fresh-water shallow Sea. Only a non-rotating synchronous orbit, with
the super-continent locked into and facing proto-Saturn, would account
for this stability.

The climate was sub-tropical with high humidity. The synchronous
(syn-, chronous: together with Saturn?) orbit meant constant light and
heat, and hence no variation in temperature. There were no tidal
forces in the large shallow Sea, and hence no sedimentation. There
were no seasons and hence minimal tree rings.

Birds, mammals and our ancestors inhabited the planet during the
Mesozoic, and co-existed with the dinosaurs[55]. In much the same ways
as our diversity exists today, cultures varied from the sophisticated,
who lived towards the World Mountain, to the primitive who lived
towards the ends of the super-continent. Giantism was common in this
era of reduced gravitation, and size and bulk were no disadvantage.

The Earth and original satellites of proto-Saturn separated some
15,000-20,000 years ago, and the Golden Mesozoic Age came to an end.
Proto-Saturn separated into may parts, to form the gas giants Neptune
and Uranus. Proto-Saturn became Saturn. Part of the smaller debris
became moons of the outer planets, and much remained in the original
orbit as the asteroid belt. The events were witnessed by the peoples
of the Earth, and became the basis of the ancient catastrophic
mythologies[56], beginning with the Genesis event "Let There be
Light". During separation, Earth was saturated with radiation from
proto-Saturn, which caused much mutation and was the catalyst for new
sequences of evolution for many generations. The same radiation
rendered all forms of radiometric dating useless causing grossly
exaggerated time-scales[57].

Separated from proto-Saturn, planet Earth commenced rotation and the
charge focused on the World Mountain dispersed. Together, the Earth
lost its inherent stability and with the new centrifugal force, the
super-continent separated, and "drifted" changing the pear-shaped
Earth into it present shape. The dispersion of the charge together
with piezo-electro effects in the rocks, enabled the separation to
take place in hours, rather than millions of years[58]. 

The survivors of the catastrophe found themselves in a completely new
environment: lower temperatures, seasons, diurnal variations, a
changed atmosphere, and an apparently greater gravitational effect.
This was neither the environment, nor the "solar" system, in which
life had evolved[59]. 

The writer acknowledges the assistance and research provided by Jill
Avery, Alistair Beale and Ian Tresman. It is true to say that without
their encouragement and persistence this article would never have been
published. Acknowledgement is also due to the copious works of Dwardu
Cardona[60], David Talbott[61], Alfred de Grazia[62], Melvin Cook[63],
and many others.


Notes:

1 We have been unable to find any references in mythology or folklore
referring to any planetary sized body or moon passing between the
Earth and proto-Saturn.
2 Scientific American. The Moons of Saturn. Soderboa and Johnson. Jun
1982, pp 73-86.
3 The New Solar System. Ed. Beatty, O'Leary and Chalkin, Sky
Publishing Corporation, 1981.
4 Saturn: Universal Monarch and Dying God. David N. Talbot, Research
Communications Network, 1977. 
5 YHWH. Jerry L. Ziegler, Star Publishers, 1977. 
6 The New Solar System. Op cit.
7 Ibid, p 119. See also The Guinness Book of Astronomy. Patrick Moore,
1992.
8 Ibid. p 128.
9 Scientific American. Jupiter and Saturn, Ingersoll, Dec 1981. pp
66-80.
10 The aurora: an electrical discharge process around the Earth.
S.I.Akasofu, Endeavour Vol.2 No.1, 1978.
11 An auroral effect on the fair weather electric field. Hale and
Croskey, Nature Vol.278, 15.3.79.
12 Scientific American. Rings in the Solar System. Pollack and Cuzzi,
Nov 1981, pp79-93.
13 The Washington Post, 31.8.81, reporting Voyager results as reported
by Romig, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasedena, California.
14 YHWH. Op. cit.
15 Cosmos without Gravitation. I. Velikovsky, Scripta Academica
Hierosolymatana, 1946.
16 Cataclysms of the Earth. Hugh Auchincloss Brown, Twayne Publ. Inc.,
1967.
17 A New Approach to Geophysics. C.E. Bruce, London 1944.
18 Problems of Atmosphere and Space. C.E. Bruce, Elsevier, 1965.
19 Reconciling Celestial Mechanics. Pens e, Ralph Juergens. 1972.
20 The Natural History of Fossils. Chris Paul. Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, London, 1980.
21 The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life. Ed. by Steel and Harvey.
Mitchell Beazley, London, 1979.
22 Scientific American. Mountain Belts and the Supercontinental cycle,
Murphy, Nance. April 1992 v266 No.4, p.84,  
23 The Natural History of Fossils. Op. cit.
24 The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life. Op. cit.
25 The Natural History of Fossils. Op. cit.
26 Botanic Man. Bellamy. Hamlyn, 1978.
27 A New Look at Dinosaurs. Charig. Heinemann, 1979.
28 The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs. Desmond.
29 On Growth and Form. D'Arcy Thompson. Paperback Edition 1981,
Cambridge University Press, p.22.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Daniel Choy of Columbia University's St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital,
has proposed that the Barosaur, with its 25' neck, would have needed
eight hearts to provide an adequate blood supply when standing on its
hind legs. A single heart would have reqired a blood-pressure seven
times that of a human placing it in danger of a stroke. Discover,
January 1993.
33 The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs. Op. cit.
34 On Growth and Form. Op. cit.
35 Scientific American. Pterosaurs, Langston. Feb 1981.
36 The Guardian, 28 August 1992. Referring to paper published in the
Lancet.
37 Supernovae and the Extinction of the Dinosaurs. Russell and Tucker,
Nature 19.2.91, Vol.229, pp553-4.
38 Mountain Belts and Supercontinent Cycle, M J Brendan and N J
Damian, Scientific American, April 1992.
39 The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event. Surlyk, Nature 22.5.80,
Vol.285, pp187-?
40 Alvarez Theory Gains Support, SISW 3:3, pp16-17.
41 The Mass Extinctions of the Late Mesozoic. Op. cit.
42 The Age of Birds. Feduccia, Harvard University Press, 1980.
43 The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life. Ed. by Steel and Harvey,
Mitchell and Beazley, London, 1979.
44 Ethiopian flood basalt providence. Mehr, Nature 16.6.83, Vol.303,
pp577-583.
45 The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life. Op. cit.
46 Rock and mineral guide. Tindall and Thornhill, Blandford Press,
1975.
47 Continental drift and the Fossil Record. Hallam, Scientific
American, Nov.1972. pp56-64.
48 The Natural History of Fossils. Paul, Heidenfeld and Nicolson,
London, 1980.
49 The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life. Op. cit.
50 Buffetaut, Nature, Vol.300, p176.
51 A New Look at Dinosaurs, Charig, Heinemann, 1979.
52 The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life. Op. cit.
53 The Natural History of Fossils. Op. cit.
54 The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life. Op. cit.
55 Dale Russell and his colleagues at the Canada Museum of Natural
History, believe that the majority of dinosaurs only existed in
outlying areas of Pangaea which are now North America and Eastern
Asia. New Scientist, 25 July 1992.
56 Hamlet's Mill, G. de Santillana and H. von Dechend (London 1979).
57 The Facts of Life, Richard Milton, Forth Estate, London 1992. ISBN:
1-85702-027-8.
58 The piezo-electric effect is thought to be connected with
Earthquake lights, and related to the rippling and "flowing" of rock
during an earthquake.
59 At this point, Earth did not have its Moon, and hence there were
still no tides or sedimentation. Nor did this planet have the large
volume of oceans, which were also to be acquired later.
60 Dwardu Cardona, see Kronos and the SIS Review.
61 David Talbott, Universal Monarch and Dying Gods, unpublished.
62 Alfred de Grazia, in conversations with this author.
63 Melvin Cook, Pre-history and Earth Models, 1966.
**ENDS**